A bonded university scholarship provides financial support for higher education in exchange for a commitment to work for the sponsoring organization for a specified period after graduation. If the recipient does not graduate, drops out, or leaves the job before completing the bond, they are usually required to repay the scholarship, often with significant penalties, including tuition costs and interest.

‘Intergenerational meritocracy’ is a national ethos adopted to differing extents in countries (for example, the ‘American Dream’ in the United States and ‘British Promise’ in the United Kingdom). It most commonly emphasizes sacrifice, risk-taking and hard work, and the idea that anyone, regardless of where they were born or what class they were born into, can attain upward mobility and their own version of success.

There are two schools of philosophical thought about love that explain when we have love for someone. The quality-based view of love holds that a person should only love another person when they truly appreciate that person’s intrinsic qualities, such as their kindness, intelligence, or good looks; I love you because of who you are. The attachment-based view of love holds that a person should only love another person when they have formed shared experiences and, from that, a bond; I love you because of what we have been through together.

Over the past decade, figure skating and gymnastics have adopted the Code of Points system that assigns values to individual elements based on their difficulty, with minimal rewards for artistic virtues. This replaced previous scoring systems which awarded scores to routines holistically considering the technical merit of the routine and its artistic elements based on composition, originality, style, and expression.

Microfinance refers to financial services aimed at individuals and small businesses that are typically excluded from traditional banking and financial services. This includes but not limited to microcredit, which provides small working capital loans to low-income clients, microinsurance, and transfer payment systems. Microfinance aims to improve financial services access for marginalized groups, especially women and the rural poor.

“Publish or Perish” culture refers to an academic environment where researchers are under strong pressure to publish frequently in order to secure jobs, promotions, tenure, and research funding. The number and frequency of publications are often used as important measures of academic success.

Professionalisation refers to the shift of youth sport from school and community play toward a structured commercial pathway: paid private academies, full-time training, contracts with clubs and agents, and athletes earning from sponsorship or their own name.